Which of the following may serve as de-escalation measures?

The display of force can be an effective de-escalation measure because it can create a perception of authority and control over a situation. When an officer visibly indicates readiness to respond to a threat without needing to engage in physical confrontation, it may encourage individuals to calm down and reconsider their aggressive behavior. This can help to prevent a situation from escalating further, prompting compliance or cooperation from the involved parties.

In contrast, other options tend to be more aggressive actions or strategies that may not promote de-escalation. The use of handcuffs, for instance, often signifies that an arrest is being made and can escalate tensions rather than reduce them. Calling for backup could suggest a situation is out of control, which may increase panic or aggression. Withholding information can lead to confusion or mistrust among those involved, making it less likely that a peaceful resolution will be achieved.